Regeneration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Regeneration - Essay Example four major criteria which included, ‘increasing the demand for local labour’, ‘reducing local labour-market imperfections, ‘increasing mobility and awareness of job opportunities’, and ‘increasing the skills of local residents through educational or training schemes’. Correspondingly, the LDDC policies formulated by the central government can be identified to promote the gentrification process (Church, 1987). Similarly, the study of Butler and Lees (2006) asserted the prevalence of super-gentrification in ‘inner London neighbourhood of Barnsbury’, which was further in line with the gentrification noticed in New York. Notably, the Abercrombie Plan visualized â€Å"the outward movement of London’s population to locations beyond the Green Belt at the cost of a declining inner city population† (Keddie, n.d.). These examples can be viewed as evidences which suggest that London Planning Policy promotes the gentrificati on process. 5 The term ‘gentrification’ is one of the most widely debated subject matters in the domain of urban planning. It depicts the transformations in urban design with regard to changes in lifestyle values or economic situations of any particular urban region. The process primarily depicts the idea of providing an increasing share of urban area for wealthier people in order to ensure maximum development of a particular area (Syrett & Sepulved, 2010; (Roberts & Sykes, 2000). This essay will answer the question, as to whether planning policy in London aims to promote or prevent gentrification Gentrification in London has resulted in the emergence of widespread challenges. Gentrification in London is argued to have several negative impacts on the lives of urban population. Notably, gentrification is criticised on several grounds. For example, it has been claimed that gentrification results in ‘loss of affordable housing’, ‘under-occupancy and population loss to gentrified areas’, ‘displacement through rent/price

Postmodern Literature Essay Example for Free

Postmodern Literature Essay â€Å"The Garden of Forking Paths,† by taking the form of a signed statement made by the main character of the story, Dr. Yu Tsun, has a specific instance that reverts back to the past which is the technique of flashback in postmodern literature. That precise instance is when Dr. Tsun reflects on his great ancestor, Ts’ui Pen, and recalls the life of the man. More importantly, the story itself is already a flashback by virtue of its form, a signed statement, which implies that reading the ‘signed statement’ of Dr. Tsun is already a way of flashing back to his life before his death. Apparently, the flashback scene where Dr. Tsun recalls his memory of his great ancestor also indicates a ‘flashback’ within the main ‘flashback,’ which all the more signifies the postmodern character of the short story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Chinua Achebe’s â€Å"Things Fall Apart† is also a literary work with a postmodern characteristic. This can be observed from the way in which Achebe preferred not to ‘romanticize’ the story of the Nigerians by portraying the history of the Ibo tribe as flourishing while ending when the colonizers came, and is contrasted by the ‘self-destruction’ of the story’s main character, Okokwo. In sum, the downfall of the Ibo tribe has also been brought about by the self-destruction of the society’s hero aside from the harms done by the invading colonizers. Scott Momaday’s The Way to Rainy Mountain is also an example of postmodern literature because readers can hardly identify whether it is the author who is narrating his life experiences or the characters in the story who are revealing their journeys in the so-called Rainy Mountain. Thus, readers may tend to interpret Momaday’s work as a combination of the stories of his life and his people, or readers may tend to interpret the same work as the story of the characters from the eyes of the author or the story of the author from the eyes of the characters.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Lastly, both Primo Levi’s â€Å"Two Flags† and â€Å"Survival in Auschwitz† indicate the blurring of the character and the elements of the story. For instance, the character in â€Å"Two Flags† mentions an â€Å"umpire† in a soccer game when in fact there is no umpire in a soccer game but a referee. Quite oddly, Levi also reveals how the main character in the story died upon seeing the two flags of the nations he loved and hated respectively swaying side-by-side. On the other hand, â€Å"Survival in Auschwitz† has a climax in the opening parts of the story which tells us that the story departs from the conventional placement of the climax in stories. These elements are just some of the notable examples as to why both â€Å"Two Flags† and â€Å"Survival in Auschwitz† are also postmodern works in literature. Works Cited Achebe, Chinua. Things Fall Apart. Anchor, 1994. Levi, Primo. Survival in Auschwitz. New York: Touchstone, 1996. Levi, Primo. Two Flags.   The Longman Anthology of World Literature. Ed. David Damorsch. Vol. F. New York: Pearson, 2004. 406-08. Momaday, N. Scott. The Way to Rainy Mountain. New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press, 1976.

My Short Story Essay -- essays research papers

â€Å"Private 062!† â€Å"PRESENT SIR!† Private Robert replied. â€Å"Private 063!† â€Å"PRESENT SIR!† Private Wallace shouted. Master Sergeant Olsen was taking attendance at the Base Camp Zan. He was in charge of a platoon of eighty Privates, fresh from the Recruit Camp. Soon, he had accounted for all his soldiers. Coming fresh from the mainland with no knowledge of the army, none of his soldiers could outdo him. Or so he thought†¦ â€Å"Time for your short morning walk, Privates!† â€Å"YES SIR!† The privates started on their ‘short morning walk’ which turned out to be twenty kilometres long. Delta, one of the privates, was the first to finish the run with an astonishing timing of one and a quarter of an hour beating the Master Sergeant by five full minutes. Master Sergeant was infuriated. â€Å"Private 019! Meet me at 0645Hours!† â€Å"Hmm...† Corporal Nelson looked through Private Delta’s particulars. â€Å"Go, run on that running analysis machine there!† He pointed on the steel metallic structure occupying only a small area in the room. Delta walked to the machine and started running. Indeed he ran at an unbelievable speed. But that awesome speed was short-lived. It lasted only two minutes. Now Corporal Nelson was getting interested in Delta’s talents. He sent Delta for a health check and at the same time, promptly sent a proposal to Prof Daniel Frank. Prof Daniel Frank is a scientist. He had just invented something named as the LSSE (Light-weight Self-Sustaining Energy) suit. The...

Emotional Intelligence and Effective Managerial Leadership

Emotional Intelligence is the study of emotions and their impact upon the work environment. This definition must allow for external factors. Hughes writes an effective leader will have impact upon their team and this is â€Å"apparent in the growing interest over the past decade in topics like the leader's genuineness, authenticity, credibility and trustworthiness† (3). A leader's reflection of these attributes is found in their level of connectedness with employees. As a result leaders are more interested in mentoring and training their team rather than focusing on output of numbers or turn around time. These qualities are a good indicator for selecting a potential manager. This development in team building allows for â€Å"providing people opportunities to learn from their work rather than taking them away from their work to learn† (Hughes 4). Emotional Intelligence relies upon the fact the leader will be able to have a competent level of interaction with the employee. It reflects successful leadership by allowing for complex relationships for team members by recognizing relationship building, capacity of visions and personal development. Emotional Intelligence for a leader means being able to read people, be read and allow for open dialogue. A corporation wants to hire someone emotionally intelligent because they have an understanding of the harmony between personal and professional personalities. To provide effective managerial leadership, one must display a certain level of Emotional Intelligence. It has been found â€Å"today business leaders rank Emotional Intelligence capabilities as critical to the success of today's leaders† (Business Executives 1). Employees look up to management for guidance. By displaying Emotional Intelligence, the leader defines the boundaries for the team and creates an atmosphere for building relationships. This in turn creates stronger teams. In today's company, the role of management also involves leadership within a team structure. A leader with a high level of Emotional Intelligence knows outside factors play a role in professional demeanor and have found a way to balance such behaviors. Also they are challenged by this balance and have a competitive edge. It is resilience, Hughes explains â€Å"that allows individuals to take difficult experiences in their lives and use them as opportunities to learn† (12). There is a level of change involved with studying Emotional Intelligence. The leader comprehends change as a constant everyday factor. The leader's role is to sell the idea of change, commitment and expectations. A leader must also display curiosity, have guts and be a dominant force. Bennis reflects, there are two kinds of people â€Å"those who are paralyzed by fear, and those who are afraid but go ahead away. Life is not about limitation but options† (185). By understanding emotions, one can improve their own filtering of surroundings and enjoy greater success through relationships. Finally, competition is brutal and the global market continues to shrink due to communication technologies. It is important in leadership to embrace change and stick to a vision. By having Emotional Intelligence one can â€Å"recognize the physical and mental signs of our feelings/emotions before we can act on them meaningfully and constructively† (Eby Ruin par 20).

EC Law Essay

Part A Sonja is a temporary farm labourer of 16 years old. In the summer of 2005 she was hospitalized with sunburn got from working in the field without adequate UV protection according to the â€Å"Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) Protection at Work† Directive adopted by the EC. The Directive provides that the Member States should ensure â€Å"Sunblock and Sunglasses† to â€Å"workers in outdoor activities† within the meaning of the Directive. According to the independent arbitration scheme with employers set up with the approval of the Government by the Finnish Farm Labourers Union, Sonja, has brought her claim before the Arbitrator. Her claim requires that the Arbitrator interpret the â€Å"Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) Protection at Work† Directive. The Arbitrator considers that Sonja’s claim should be dismissed because she is not a â€Å"worker† according to his interpretation of the Directive, but merely an â€Å"apprentice† who does not qualify for legal protection. As provided in the independent arbitration scheme the decisions of the Arbitrator are legally binding and there is no right to appeal. According to the rules of procedure established by the instituting treaties of the European Communities for the Court of Justice of the European Communities, the Court’s jurisdiction is automatically mandatory in the areas expressly provided by the Treaties. There is no need for the Member States to accept this competence which means that the Court can be authorized by only one party, even against Member States. This also means that in the attributed domains by the treaties its competence is exclusive compared to any other jurisdiction. Article 234[1] (ex Article 177) from the consolidated Treaty establishing the European Community provides that: „The Court of Justice shall have jurisdiction to give preliminary rulings concerning: (a)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the interpretation of this Treaty; (b)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the validity and interpretation of acts of the institutions of the Community and of the ECB; (c)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the interpretation of the statutes of bodies established by an act of the Council, where those statutes so provide. Where such a question is raised before any court or tribunal of a Member State, that court or tribunal may, if it considers that a decision on the question is necessary to enable it to give judgment, request the Court of Justice to give a ruling thereon. Where any such question is raised in a case pending before a court or tribunal of a Member State, against whose decisions there is no judicial remedy under national law, that court or tribunal shall bring the matter before the Court of Justice.† In the case of Sonja, because the independent arbitration scheme set up between the Finnish Farm Labourers Union and the employers is conducted with the approval of the Government, to settle disputes regarding pay and conditions of work we can assimilate the Arbitrator with a court of law. The Arbitrator has an exclusive competence in this field. Moreover, he meets the requirements set up in the last provision of the Article 234, as set forth, because his decisions are legally binding and there is no right to appeal. This institutes an obligation upon the Arbitrator that whenever he has to interpret any act of one of the institutions of the Community he should raise a case before the Court of Justice of the European Communities. Therefore, before interpreting the provisions of the â€Å"Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) Protection at Work† Directive on the meaning of â€Å"worker† within the said act, the Arbitrator should have brought recourse in interpretation before the Court of Justice of the European Communities. The conditions for such recourse, as provided in the Article 234, are that: there has to be an open case brought before a national form of jurisdiction that has to request the Court, asking for the interpretation of an act of one of the institutions of the Communities. Because the Arbitrator did not open such recourse before the Court of Justice of the European Communities, Sonja has grounds for dismissal of his decision in front of a higher Finnish court of law through an extraordinary procedure. The dismissal can be decided only on procedural issues and not on the merits of the case because the decisions of the Arbitrator are not subject to appeal. In general, international jurisdictions are only competent to try states. They can not be used as a legal remedy by natural persons. However, the Court of Justice of the European Communities is accessible not only to the member states of the European Communities, but also, in very strict conditions to individuals, natural and legal persons. This provides Sonja with, yet, another alternative for her case. She can bring an annulment recourse before the Court. The annulment recourse is the possibility of the states, institutions of the Communities and natural and legal persons to challenge in front of the Court   a mandatory act issued either by the Council or by the Commission, and to be granted in certain conditions the annulment of the act. This is a way to control EU acts and their conformity with the instituting treaties. The provisions of the Rome Treaties show that there can be subjected to this form of recourse acts that are mandatory like directives and regulations, and in certain situations even decisions.   Article 230[2] (ex Article 173) of the consolidated Treaty establishing the European Community provides that: â€Å"The Court of Justice shall review the legality of acts adopted jointly by the European Parliament and the Council, of acts of the Council, of the Commission and of the ECB, other than recommendations and opinions, and of acts of the European Parliament intended to produce legal effects vis-à  -vis third parties. It shall for this purpose have jurisdiction in actions brought by a Member State, the European Parliament, the Council or the Commission on grounds of lack of competence, infringement of an essential procedural requirement, infringement of this Treaty or of any rule of law relating to its application, or misuse of powers. The Court of Justice shall have jurisdiction under the same conditions in actions brought by the European Parliament, by the Court of Auditors and by the ECB for the purpose of protecting their prerogatives. Any natural or legal person may, under the same conditions, institute proceedings against a decision addressed to that person or against a decision which, although in the form of a regulation or a decision addressed to another person, is of direct and individual concern to the former. [†¦]† Usually, individuals are allowed to bring actions before the Court only in reference to regulations which directly apply to them and directly breach their rights. However, proceedings can be brought regarding a directive in situations in which it has the same effects on the individual.   The â€Å"Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) Protection at Work† Directive directly infringes Sonja’s right to adequate protection for the type of labour she is doing and for the conditions in which she works by limiting the notion of â€Å"worker† to which it applies. With this limitation the Directive breaches the substantial provisions of the Treaty establishing the European Community. Regarding work, Article 13 of the Treaty provides that: â€Å"1.     Without prejudice to the other provisions of this Treaty and within the limits of the powers conferred by it upon the Community, the Council, acting unanimously on a proposal from the Commission and after consulting the European Parliament, may take appropriate action to combat discrimination based on sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation.†[3] Therefore the principle of the prohibition of discrimination on grounds of age is laid down by an instituting treaty. It bears no difference that Sonja is only sixteen. She should not be discriminated against for this reason and not be considered as a â€Å"worker† under the Directive. The term â€Å"worker† is also described in many EU acts, including in the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Communities. The notion is wide and non-discriminatory, especially when considering a persons rights or the breach of these rights. â€Å"26. In accordance with the Court’s case-law, the concept of worker, within the meaning of Article 48 of the Treaty and of Regulation No 1612/68, has a specific Community meaning and must not be interpreted narrowly. Any person who pursues activities which are real and genuine, to the exclusion of activities on such a small scale as to be regarded as purely marginal and ancillary, must be regarded as a worker. The essential feature of an employment relationship is, according to that case-law, that for a certain period of time a person performs services for and under the direction of another person in return for which he receives remuneration[4]† Moreover, the restriction on the term â€Å"worker† is in direct violation with the Directive No. 33 of 22 June 1994 on the protection of young people at work which applies to persons under 18 and provides that they should have suitable work conditions, â€Å"measures necessary to protect the safety and health of young people[5]†. In conclusion, the limitation of the notion of â€Å"worker† from the â€Å"Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) Protection at Work† Directive that prevents Sonja, because of her age and because she is a temporary worker to benefit from the proper work protection, is in direct violation of the instituting treaties, the principles on which the EU is based, the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Communities and basic human rights. This provides Sonja, although she is a natural person, with the active legal quality to bring recourse in annulment before the Court due to what she has suffered from the effects of this act. Part B The joined cases of Bernard Keck and Daniel Mithouard were brought before the Court of Justice of the European Communities as a reference under Article 177 of the EEC Treaty[6] by the Tribunal de Grande Instance (Regional Court) from Strasbourg (France), for a preliminary ruling in the criminal proceedings pending before the tribunal against the two. The Tribunal de Grande Instance has asked the Court of Justice of the European Communities to give an interpretation of the rules of the EEC Treaty relating to competition and freedom of movement within the Community. The Court has found that â€Å"Article 30 of the EEC Treaty is to be interpreted as not applying to legislation of a Member State imposing a general prohibition on resale at a loss†[7]. In the decisions of Keck and Mithouard the Court institutes certain principles regarding the measures that can be taken by states. Such a principle is the one stating that: â€Å"national measures which limit or prohibit ‘certain sales practices’ do not fall within the scope of Article 30[8], so long as they are applied to all those operating within the national territory and that they affect in exactly the same way, both in law and in practice, the marketing of national products and those originating from other Member States†[9]. The Court of Justice of the European Communities has subsequently interpreted the decisions in the cases of Keck and Mithouard on the matter of advertising, especially the vague formulation: â€Å"selling arrangements†. The decisions were applied and interpreted in connection to the way producers are able to market their goods and to the marketing strategies used by them. However, the two cases were exceptional interpretations of the Article 28, due to the circumstances and should have been regarded as such. On the contrary, this interpretation was widely extended by the Court. The extension has brought about the possibility of member states to impose certain restrictions in advertising. These restrictions were thought by the Court to be outside the scope of Article 28. Such measures cover fields like: â€Å"TV advertising and sponsorship of programmes aimed at children below the age of 12 being prohibited[10]† in Sweden, the advertising of toys in Greece which is time restricted, banns referring to certain kinds of toys in Germany and Denmark and so on. Goods that are considered â€Å"sensitive† are also subjected to banns even at an EU level. As an example there is the ‘Television Without Frontiers’ (TVWF) Directive in which there is stated that children should not have easy access to advertising for goods such as cigarettes and alcohol. Cases were brought before the Court with regards to such measures. Some decisions given by the Court find basis on its previous Keck and Mithouard decisions: â€Å"With respect to the free movement of goods (Article 30) the Court recognised that the ban on advertising could affect the free movement of the products advertised. It then referred to the Keck-Mithouard jurisprudence and ruled that a Member State could apply such restrictions if they were shown to affect in the same way, ‘in law and in fact’, the marketing of domestic products and of those from other Member States; were necessary for meeting overriding requirements of general public importance or one of the aims laid down in Article 36 of the EC Treaty; were proportionate for that purpose and that those aims could not be met by less restrictive measures†[11].   In conclusion, bans of advertising are considered to be in accordance with the Article 28 when they affect in the same way the marketing of the domestic products and that of the products from other Member States, they are necessary for requirements of general public importance and when less restrictive measures could not have been applied. Thus, the Court institutes the principle of proportionality that applies even if the ban has more serious effects on goods coming from other states than on national ones. Any state restrictions of the â€Å"selling arrangements†Ã‚   automatically affect access to the market contrary to what the Court has considered in the cases of Keck and Mithouard.   It is of course true that such restrictions provided in a non-discriminatory way do not infringe of the free movement of goods, but they do affect trade. Measures taken by states have to be â€Å"uncertain† and â€Å"indirect†, for them to fall outside the scope of the Article 28 and be regarded as breaches of the free movement of goods. The Keck case institutes a kind of presumption that certain measures taken by states, that fall under a certain category should be regarded as â€Å"uncertain† and â€Å"indirect† and therefore outside the scope of Article 28. This presumption is damaging in some cases. The measures should be analyzed according to the merits of each individual case and the effects they have in that particular case. Therefore, I believe that the cases of Keck and Mithouard affect the balance between state responsibilities and the free movement of goods. Bibliography: Consolidated Version of the Treaty Establishing the European Community (2002), Official Journal C325, Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at:   http://www.europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/en/treaties/dat/12002E/htm/12002E.html Brian Francis Collins v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions (23 March 2004); Judgment of the Court (Full Court);Case C-138/02; European Court reports 2004 Page I-02703, Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at: http://www.europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/Notice.do?val=287581:cs&lang=en&list=391912:cs,287581:cs,341893:cs,287498:cs,278038:cs,277710:cs,269338:cs,264078:cs,250808:cs,247148:cs,&pos=2&page=1&nbl=18&pgs=10&hwords=work~worker~&checktexte=checkbox&visu=#texte Criminal proceedings against Bernard Keck and Daniel Mithouard (24 November 1993); Judgment of the Court;   Joined cases C-267/91 and C-268/91, European Court reports 1993 Page I-06097, Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at:   http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:61991J0267:EN:HTML#DI    Council Directive 94/33/EC of 22 June 1994 on the protection of young people at work, Official Journal L 216 , 20/08/1994 P. 0012 – 0020,   Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at: http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/lex/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31994L0033:EN:HTML Lolivier, Marc (January 1998), The De Agostini ruling and advertising regulation, Commercial Comunications Newsletter, Edition 10,   Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at: http://europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/comcom/newsletter/edition10/page04_en.htm Stanbrook, Lionel ( October 1997), Children’s advertising, consumer protection and the country of origin principle, Commercial Comunications Newsletter, Edition 09, Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at: http://europa.eu.int/comm/internal_market/comcom/newsletter/edition09/page18_en.htm Statute of the Court of Justice (November 2005), Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at:   http://curia.eu.int/en/instit/txtdocfr/txtsenvigueur/statut.pdf Þorvaldsson,   Bjà ¶rn (2002), Keck and Mithouard,   Master Thesis, Master of European Affairs Programe, Law, Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at: http://www.jur.lu.se/Internet/english/essay/Masterth.nsf/0/585A26471860B6F6C1256BCD00730AAF/$File/xsmall.pdf?OpenElement Mollers, Thomas M.J. (February 2005), EuGH, Rs. C-405/98 v. 8.3.2001 – Gourmet International Products, Faculty of Law, Augsburg University, Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at: http://www.jura.uni-augsburg.de/prof/moellers/materialien/materialdateien/050_eugh_entscheidungen/eugh_1998_405_gourmet_international_products_en/ Competitive Federalism and Market Access in the EU, Jean Monet Center, NYU School of Law, Retrieved of the 10th on January 2005, Available at:   http://www.jeanmonnetprogram.org/papers/01/012701-04.html [1]   Treaty establishing the European Community, Art. 234 [2] idem, Art 230 [3] idem, Art. 13 [4] Brian Francis Collins v Secretary of State for Work and Pensions (23 March 2004) [5] Council Directive 94/33/EC of 22 June 1994 on the protection of young people at work. [6] Treaty establishing the European Community, ex Article 177 [7]Criminal proceedings against Bernard Keck and Daniel Mithouard (24 November 1993) [8] in the consolidated Treaty the number of the article has become 28 and it will be referred to accordingly [9] Lolivier, Marc (January 1998), op. cit. [10] Stanbrook, Lionel (October 1997), op. cit. [11] idem

Battle of San Juan Hill in the Spanish-American War

Battle of San Juan Hill in the Spanish-American War The Battle of San Juan Hill was fought on July 1, 1898, during the Spanish-American War (1898). With the beginning of the conflict in April 1898, leaders in Washington, DC began planning for the invasion of Cuba. Moving forward later that spring, American forces landed in the southern part of the island near the city of Santiago de Cuba. Advancing west, plans were made for capturing the San Juan Heights which overlooked the city and harbor. Moving forward on July 1, Major General William R. Shafters men launched an assault on the heights. In heavy fighting, which included a charge by the famed 1st US Volunteer Cavalry (The Rough Riders), the position was taken. Consolidating around Santiago, Shafter and his Cuban allies commenced a siege of the city which ultimately fell on July 17. Background After landing in late June at Daiquirà ­ and Siboney, Shafters US V Corps pushed west towards the port of Santiago de Cuba. After fighting an indecisive clash at Las Guasimas on June 24, Shafter prepared to assault the heights around the city. While 3,000-4,000 Cuban insurgents, under General Calixto Garcà ­a Ià ±iguez blocked the roads to the north and prevented the city from being reinforced, the Spanish commander, General Arsenio Linares, elected to spread his 10,429 men across Santiagos defenses rather than focus against the American threat (Map). The American Plan Meeting with his division commanders, Shafter instructed Brigadier General Henry W. Lawton to take his 2nd Division north to capture the Spanish strong point at El Caney. Claiming that he could take the town in two hours, Shafter told him to do so then return south to join in the attack on the San Juan Heights. While Lawton was assaulting El Caney, Brigadier General Jacob Kent would advance towards the heights with the 1st Division, while Major General Joseph Wheelers Cavalry Division would deploy to the right. Upon returning from El Caney, Lawton was to form on Wheelers right and the entire line would attack. As the operation moved forward, both Shafter and Wheeler fell ill. Unable to lead from the front, Shafter directed operation from his headquarters via his aides and telegraph. Moving forward early on July 1, 1898, Lawton commenced his attack on El Caney around 7:00 AM. To the south, Shafters aides established a command post atop El Pozo Hill and American artillery rolled into place. Below, the Cavalry Division, fighting dismounted due to a lack of horses, moved forward across the Aguadores River towards their jumping off point. With Wheeler disabled, it was led by Brigadier General Samuel Sumner (Map). Armies Commanders Americans Major General William R. ShafterMajor General Joseph Wheeler15,000 men, 4,000 guerillas, 12 guns, 4 Gatling guns Spanish General Arsenio Linares800 men, 5 guns Casualties American - 1,240 (144 killed, 1,024 wounded, 72 missing)Spanish - 482 (114 killed, 366 wounded, 2 captured) Fighting Begins Pushing forward, American troops experienced harassing fire from Spanish snipers and skirmishers. Around 10:00 AM, the guns on El Pozo opened fire on the San Juan Heights. Reaching the San Juan River, the cavalry waded across, turned right, and began forming their lines. Behind the cavalry, the Signal Corps launched a balloon which spotted another trail that could be used by Kents infantry. While the bulk of Brigadier General Hamilton Hawkins 1st Brigade had passed the new trail, Colonel Charles A. Wikoffs brigade was diverted to it. Encountering Spanish snipers, Wikoff was mortally wounded. In short order, the next two officers in line to lead the brigade were lost and command devolved to Lieutenant Colonel Ezra P. Ewers. Arriving to support Kent, Ewers men fell into line, followed by Colonel E.P. Pearsons 2nd Brigade which took a position on the extreme left and also provided the reserve. For Hawkins, the objective of the assault was a blockhouse atop the heights, while the cavalry was to capture a lower rise, Kettle Hill, before attacking San Juan. Delays Though American forces were in a position to attack, the did not advance as Shafter was awaiting Lawtons return from El Caney. Suffering through intense tropical heat, the Americans were taking casualties from Spanish fire. As men were hit, parts of the San Juan River valley were dubbed Hells Pocket and Bloody Ford. Among those irritated by the inaction was Lieutenant Colonel Theodore Roosevelt, commanding the 1st US Volunteer Cavalry (The Rough Riders). After absorbing enemy fire for some time, Lieutenant Jules G. Ord of Hawkins staff asked his commander for permission to lead the men forward. The Americans Strike After some discussion, a cautious Hawkins relented and Ord led the brigade into the attack supported by a battery of Gatling guns. Having been rallied to the field by the sound of the guns, Wheeler officially gave Kent the order to attack before returning to the cavalry and telling Sumner and his other brigade commander, Brigadier General Leonard Wood, to advance. Moving forward, Sumners men formed the first line, while Woods (including Roosevelt) comprised the second. Pushing forward, the lead cavalry units reached a road halfway up Kettle Hill and paused. Pushing on, several officers, including Roosevelt called for a charge, surged forward, and overran the positions on Kettle Hill. Consolidating their position, the cavalry provided supporting fire to the infantry which was moving up the heights towards the blockhouse. Reaching the foot of the heights, Hawkins and Ewers men discovered that the Spanish had erred and placed their trenches on the topographical rather than the military crest of the hill. As a result, they were unable to see or shoot at the attackers. Taking San Juan Hill Scrambling up the steep terrain, the infantry paused near the crest, before pouring over and driving out the Spanish. Leading the attack, Ord was killed as entered the trenches. Swarming around the blockhouse, American troops finally captured it after entering through the roof. Falling back the Spanish occupied a secondary line of trenches to the rear. Arriving on the field, Pearsons men moved forward and secured a small hill on the American left flank. Atop Kettle Hill, Roosevelt attempted to lead an attack forward against San Juan but was followed by only five men. Returning to his lines, he met with Sumner and was given permission to take the men forward. Storming forward, the cavalrymen, including the African-American Buffalo Soldiers of the 9th and 10th Cavalry, broke through lines of barbed wire and cleared the heights to their front. Many sought to pursue the enemy to Santiago and had to be recalled. Commanding the extreme right of the American line, Roosevelt was soon reinforced by infantry and repulsed a half-hearted Spanish counterattack. Aftermath The storming of the San Juan Heights cost the Americans 144 killed and 1,024 wounded, while the Spanish, fighting on the defensive, lost only 114 dead, 366 wounded, and 2 captured. Concerned that the Spanish could shell the heights from the city, Shafter initially ordered Wheeler to fall back. Assessing the situation, Wheeler instead ordered the men to entrench and be prepared to hold the position against attack. The capture of the heights compelled the Spanish fleet in the harbor to attempt a breakout on July 3, which led to their defeat at the Battle of Santiago de Cuba. American and Cuban forces next began a siege of the city which finally fell on July 17 (Map).

Japenese Internment camps essays

Japenese Internment camps essays According to our history in 1942, approximately 110,000 Japanese-Americans were relocated to selected areas far from their homes. (The American Promise pg. 692) For fear the United States Government held against them. This fear was cause from Japan who had just bombed Pearl Harbor. (December 7th 1941) America was getting ready for another world war; in doing so they took actions in national security. Japanese-Americans inhabited many of the U.S. port areas on the West coast. The U.S. government provided a plan for both United States citizens and the Japanese-Americans, or so it was stated. However, when seeking the fine details of this incident, we see two sides of the story, the question is which is the truth and which is the fantasy. The Official Government documents drastically contrast the first-hand accounts of what it was like in those Communities. With each source the story of life behind the Japanese-American Internment camps change slightly. Can we believe what the government truly said after it becomes a part of the past? By looking at both the governmental and personal accounts of the interviews I conducted, only small similarities carry throughout. Whether born inside or outside of the United States, the U.S. Government attained Japanese men and women. They were not to change residences after 12:00 PM on April 30th 1942, and that all would be evacuated from there homes no later than May 7th, 1942. (History of Japanese-American Internment (timeline)) There were no reasons behind this evacuation, and there were no explanations as to what was going to happen after such an evacuation. Thorough plans for preparation were provided, such as the offering of assistance from the Civil Control Station to help sell or dispose of all personal or business property, and to provide temporary residence for all Japanese in family groups. The instructions on this evacuation were very precise, and did not allow for any compromise: Lieu...

Is Ghost Blogging Unethical

Is Ghost Blogging Unethical You didnt write that post, but you put your name on it. You hired a ghost blogger. Ghost blogging: one person writes the blog posts, but another person gets the credit, with or without disclosure that the blog uses ghost written posts. Does that seem wrong to you? Unethical? Some say thats an easy yes, but others, particularly in the public relations industry, say no. It depends on how you see your content, and how comfortable you are with a lie. 1. Ghost Blogging Ruins The Relationship Social media and blog content–its all about the relationship now, isnt that right? Were talking, were conversing, were engaging. Its all inbound marketing and in order for that to work, we have to be transparent and open and above all else, be concerned with connecting personally to our readers. In this strict definition, ghost blogging seems like a home-wrecker in our relationship with our audience. Blogger Dave Fleet has written an article about the  ethics of ghost writing  in social media, stating outright that it is unethical if it is undisclosed because it harms the relationship. Unlike ghost-written speeches, where the spokesperson lends their name and approval to the writing by actually saying the words, ghost-written blogs can be published without the named person ever seeing them. Fleet later wrote an article addressing ghost blogging directly, stating that it was wrong. Writing blog posts was part of relationship-building. When did outsourcing your relationships become  okay? Dave Fleet Maybe the question isnt whether ghost blogging is ethical or not, but instead, whether your blog is about relationships or information. Not All Blogs Are Relationships To play devils advocate, let me suggest that not all blogging is relationship building.   Some blogs are purely for information. Just as a writer publishes a book (paper or ebook), you buy it, you read it, you dont assume the author wants to start a transparent relationship with you. The information was the thing. Consider the many reasons people create blogs: Create and cultivate relationships. Develop their image and platform. Frame and speak on issues that affect them or their brand (self PR). Show themselves as thought leaders. Media catching (journalists contact them because of what they found on their blog) for attention. Communicate with the rest of the organization, or shareholders. A pure love of writing. Earning money from ads, sales, affiliates, etc. Attract search engines to their website where their business and products are found. Do all of these reasons really have to be considered relationships?  I know we are trained to think that way now,  but is it the only route? The trend and best practices youll hear now is that all content is framed in a relational and social approach. To be the devils advocate for a moment, I would suggest that it is also possible that you are only interested in relaying information and arent looking for a relationship (ask any seriously introverted writer about this). While you might see significantly different results than someone who views their content as relational, you are, at least, getting content on your site. If its good, youll still be found by search engines. Maybe thats enough for you.

LECOM School of Pharmacy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

LECOM School of Pharmacy - Essay Example Besides, I see that new accelerated programs in pharmaceutical care are helping the nation's healthcare needs to be met more efficiently and cost effectively. My previous experiences have been great preparation, and I will use much of the knowledge gained in my current job in this accelerated program. I hope that this accelerated program will provide me with advanced practical and theoretical preparation, because year-round curriculum proposed by LECOM School of Pharmacy best fit my needs and life expectations as I am an organized, determined, and well-rounded person who supposes that quality pharmaceutical care requires critical thinking to assess the patient's needs. I will do my best to become a high qualified professional in this field, because I have strong personal aspiration for it. I am an energetic and enthusiastic person, who loves to communicate with patients and have the constant demand for sincere attention for their needs. I have defined my career goals and the level of my education I require the next step matching my personal needs with the offerings and characteristics of specific programs like those proposed by LECOM School of Pharmacy. I am sure that I can cope with the demands of this program being well prepared, motivated and committed to pursuing my degree.

Booty Call Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Booty Call - Essay Example At such a phase of life, we want to enjoy not only sex but by the passage of time we also realize the need for someone very special for us, someone, whom we can call our better half, someone who is more caring to you than anybody else in the life. That 'someone' is the person whom you wish to love you so much that you love him and you expect that 'someone' to not only be with you in bed, but with you through every thicks and thins of your life, to whom, you are far more than a booty call. Moreover, you not only want to have this feeling for him, but you also want him to have the same feeling for you. So we can say that at youth age, initially making sex is the main concern, however, when you keep on doing this with same person, one of you ultimately end up asking for something more than a 'booty call'. At this point of time, the desire for sex is then converted into the desire for the relationship, a committed one. (Mc Graw) I would like to provide the advice on your issue. This lett er will reveal you that the relationships between the man and women exist in varying degree. However, this is common in all degrees, especially the closer ones, that when one set of desires are being fulfilled, you start to desire for more things into that relationship. This very psychology has made you demanding for a committed relationship, rather than a booty call. Thus after clarifying in your mind the dynamics of such psyche, my honest advice to you would be that you must be clear to yourself that what do you want, you can use some strategies like recalling past memories etc. to arouse the same desire of committed in relationship in him too. Even if it fails, you then need to prioritize between your feelings and your partner, that what is more important to you. When we talk of the interaction between a girl and guy in the western world, it exists with a varying degree of intensity. It may range from acquaintance to sexual relationship. There are very thin lines between various consecutive levels of relationships. When it comes to your case the two consecutive levels of interaction are 'booty call' and 'sexual relationship'. You need to realize the different between the two, especially what is really absent in the booty calls We must be clear about what I mean by booty call and the committed relationship. Booty call, in your context, is simple making sex with each other, without any committed relationship. It is simply a response to the mutual sexual urges. So, it is the commitment that differentiates the relationship. Moreover, booty call is restricted to the bed only. It does not include any typical dates, social gatherings etc. In your case, it seems that initially, you had a relationship with him, as you mentioned that you people used to hang out together. However, after meeting again it had been converted into the booty call type thing or we can say a relationship purely intended for sex and not having any other feeling or commitment. See, many studies show that when two people start having sex with same partners repeatedly, it is bound to happen that one of them will ultimately feel urge for something more. (Lecture, 7/19/07) He or she will start to get possessive about his or her partner. So it is a common phenomenon. It is also said that when you consistently sleep with one guy, this practice ultimately compels you enter into a committed relat

SCENARIO BASED PROJECT REPORT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

SCENARIO BASED PROJECT REPORT - Essay Example (ISO 9001) XYZ is one of the leading professional education management system in UK that offer management courses to the executives. Many of its courses are intended for regular day stream members. And the organization has proved its quality and capability through its growing number of professionals coming out of the college on each year. The growing demand for professional skills in every employment, many jobholders are looking to enhance their skills by way of taking up the relevant management courses on part time basis, while continuing their jobs. The quality of the courses offered through the organization has become so popular to get a demand from the remote students to get the online courses. This made the management of the XYZ organization to think about the risks in opening about the online courses, as the management is so particular about he quality and in no way they re willing to loose their reputation. The management wants to adopt a risk less change management where the quality of the services to enhance the value for the entire chain operations. Hence the XYZ education System has identified the ABC business consultancy to do business analysis before venturing into new online system, particularly with risk elimination & continuous quality process. And ABC consultancy has started its Process analysis by adopting the KRAJEWSKI model: Accor According to Total Quality Engineering (1997), strategy deployment means the management and control of the company's direction focus. It helps develop the business policy and plan, providing the focus for carrying the strategy forward into the management of the individual function and section. A process involves the use of an organization's resources to provide something of value, (KRAJEWSKI, p121). The application of a system of processes within an organization, together with the identification and interactions of these processes and their management, can be referred to as the "Process approach". The optimum utilization of these resources in the process results in the efficiency of the process or the quality of the process. . ABC Consultancy has adopted a process analysis approach of XYZ organization and identified several factors that has impact on operations of the education management of XYZ like- Operation levels; global competition; rapid technological changes, ethical, workforce diversity, and environmental issues. In this section, we look at these trends and their challenges for operations managers. (KRAJEWSKI, p12). The consultancy took the concern of operations managers like COO, Operations Executive managers and Branch operations managers etc., Many different choices are made in a selecting human resources, equipment, outsourced services, materials, work flows, and methods that transform inputs

Reasons of the speedy growing and futher problems of Indian Economic Research Paper - 1

Reasons of the speedy growing and futher problems of Indian Economic - Research Paper Example After these areas have briefly being looked at, I shall then delve closely into the major areas of discussion where I shall touch briefly on each of the following areas: i. Reasons of the speedy growing of Indian economic. ii. Further problems of India because of high speed economic growing iii. Can India exceed China economically? These two major groups of discussions shall pave way for major components of the essay to begin. Reasons for the speedy growing of Indian economy - 3 India is fast becoming a force to recon with in world economic terms. Not as before, India is more stable and growing rapidly in terms of economic growth. This of course has reasons as to every effect, there is a cause. This part of the essay shall therefore be dedicated to looking at the reasons for the speedy growing of Indian economy. To talk about the reasons, a brief background to India’s current economic status shall be given. Next, I shall dig deep into the history of Indian economy. This aspect will be very relevant because it will help readers to identify that indeed the economy of India has its own roots. The discussion of the historic background would also help in creating timelines for major achievements and events in the history of India’s economy. ... World history has it that there are nations who once had very graceful economies. Their gross domestic product grew at rapid rate, their inflationary rates where always down and the rate of their currencies were forces to recon with. However with time, due to poor economic management and because factors or reasons that led to their economic growth were not sustained. It is against this backdrop that this aspect of the essay shall not only consider the reasons for the speedy economic growth but also ways of sustaining the growth. Further problems of India because of high speed economic growing – 4 There is no denying the fact that there is an effect – positive and negative for that matter to every situation. Even though it is a good thing that India’s economy should develop at a very speedy rate, this comes not only with positive repercussions but negative ones as well. This part of the essay shall therefore be a progress of the previous aspect, which was on the r easons for the speedy growing of Indian economy. Three major problems that are likely to affect India’s economy as a result of its current economic growth shall be treated. The problems shall not just be stated but stated with possible solutions. The problems to be looked at would include: i. Unlawful migration to India – (The Indian Analyst, HVK ii. Taking advantage of booming economy to become the hub of counterfeit, low quality and fake products. – (The Lancet, Democratic Underground iii. Pressure from dependant nations – (The Economic Times, The Economic Times These problems have carefully being chosen because there are enough proofs that the problems have affected other countries that have attained economic growth and freedom. In worse cases,

Money traps in U.S. Healthcare Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Money traps in U.S. Healthcare - Article Example probable causes for this are a combination of singular attributes of the US system such as higher administrative costs, higher pay for executives in the industry, demand for higher profits by insurance companies and high prevalence of fragmented and uncoordinated care within the industry. The second article ‘A Sharper Mind, Middle Age and Beyond’ argues that whereas some form of human intelligence – fluid intelligence – declines in age, another form - crystallized intelligence – actually increases. The article neither out rightly dispels nor supports the argument that brainpower, creativity and innovation have an early expiration date. According to Cohen (2012) a large research that she refers to as the Manhattan Project of middle age has uncovered several new observations on fluid intelligence and aging. Whereas it was typically assumed that fluid intelligence reduces with age, from the result gathered so far from the ‘Midlife in the United States’ study, it has been seen that continued education does increase the longevity of this form of intelligence among senior citizens. When we look at the two articles critically we identify that both seek to dispel commonly held beliefs. On the one hand, Boffey (2012) disapproves the notion that American healthcare system is more costly than other advanced nations because it is better. American healthcare is excellent in some areas, average in others and poor in other areas as well. On the other hand, Cohen (2012) uses the results of the continuing ‘Midlife in the United States’ study to disapprove the late Sir William Osler’s assertion that brainpower, creativity and innovation have an early expiration date. Both authors provide sufficient examples and arguments within the articles to, at the very least, through these commonly held notions into doubt. The difference between the articles emanates from how each other concludes their arguments. Boffey (2012) does not provide a clear answer at

Paper #1 (Economic) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Paper #1 (Economic) - Essay Example The price elasticity of demands demonstrates how the demand for a product is affected by a change in its price. A simple mathematical formula which expressed the relationship and provides a way to calculate price elasticity is (% change in quantity / % change in price). There are several factors that can affect demand elasticity. These are availability of substitutes, amount of income available to spend on a good, and time (Investopedia, 2007). A substitute product is an item that might not compete directly with a particular product, but has similar characteristics and can replace the consumption for the original product. For example Pam spray is a substitute product for corn oil. A substitute product is the factor that influences elasticity the most. The higher the amount of substitute products available in the market that can replace a product, the more price sensitive a product becomes. A product with few substitute products that the consumer needs is considered to be in inelastic because changes in the price of the product will not affect the demand for the product that much. â€Å"Caffeine is an inelastic product because it lacks substitutes† (Investopedia, 2007). The level of income a person has is another factor that affects elasticity. A person might want a particular item, but if his economic reality does not allow him to afford the item then he is not considered in the demand equation of a product. The way income affects demand the most can be seen by a person’s consumption of a product he regularly purchases, for example soft drinks. If a person’s income decreases by half the most likely scenario is that this individual will lower his consumption of soft drinks, thus lowering the overall demand for the product. Time can convert an inelastic product such as tobacco into elastic if a person begins to lower his purchase frequency by reducing his consumption of the item over

Money traps in U.S. Healthcare Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Money traps in U.S. Healthcare - Article Example probable causes for this are a combination of singular attributes of the US system such as higher administrative costs, higher pay for executives in the industry, demand for higher profits by insurance companies and high prevalence of fragmented and uncoordinated care within the industry. The second article ‘A Sharper Mind, Middle Age and Beyond’ argues that whereas some form of human intelligence – fluid intelligence – declines in age, another form - crystallized intelligence – actually increases. The article neither out rightly dispels nor supports the argument that brainpower, creativity and innovation have an early expiration date. According to Cohen (2012) a large research that she refers to as the Manhattan Project of middle age has uncovered several new observations on fluid intelligence and aging. Whereas it was typically assumed that fluid intelligence reduces with age, from the result gathered so far from the ‘Midlife in the United States’ study, it has been seen that continued education does increase the longevity of this form of intelligence among senior citizens. When we look at the two articles critically we identify that both seek to dispel commonly held beliefs. On the one hand, Boffey (2012) disapproves the notion that American healthcare system is more costly than other advanced nations because it is better. American healthcare is excellent in some areas, average in others and poor in other areas as well. On the other hand, Cohen (2012) uses the results of the continuing ‘Midlife in the United States’ study to disapprove the late Sir William Osler’s assertion that brainpower, creativity and innovation have an early expiration date. Both authors provide sufficient examples and arguments within the articles to, at the very least, through these commonly held notions into doubt. The difference between the articles emanates from how each other concludes their arguments. Boffey (2012) does not provide a clear answer at

Teams progress Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Teams progress - Assignment Example †¢ What were the weaknesses of your team?†¢ What were the weaknesses of your team?Lack of experience on such team managed projects was a major weakness. Although Work load was equally divided by the leader division of work was such that one member assigned to do research work was not responsible for writing task. Therefore, writing standard lacked coherence of thought. Long-term goals got forgotten to attain short term targets. Due to given time limit, team leader could not justify with the given task. †¢ What do you like best about the team experience?  The best thing about the team experience was developing an understanding of what other members thought about how to work collaboratively, innovatively and at the same time respecting each other views by listening with patience. The feeling of team-spirit was so intense that no member felt bad when his research material was found irrelevant and discarded from the final output. †¢ What do you like least about your team experience?  Online participation through the electronic media via computers was the least satisfactory strategy in comparison to offline participation at the campus library and other designated places. It did not help in resolving the issues faced by members as the target was only on providing an update on current status. Members had to wait until the next face-to-face meeting to resolve issues, which caused a delay in timely submission. My experiences of the joint project have enlightened me on how to bring performance and excellence in the final output by changing my behavior and attitude.  

Case Study - An Ethical Dilemma Essay Example for Free

Case Study An Ethical Dilemma Essay Jackie, a young star with a prominent voice who gets picked up by a professional recording label after performing at a national talent competition. Overwhelmed with excitement, thinks it is a dream come true to start a career with a lucrative contract. Meets and has an intimate encounter with her soon to be manager, Kevin. Months go by as their relationship begins to flourish but soon she starts to hear rumors that Kevin has helped a new girl in the legal department get her position threw their own personal relations. Jackie has suspicions that Kevin may be having other deeper interactions with this new girl. Jackie’s suspicions turn out to be true and she is devastated. She obviously breaks off the relationship with Kevin but cannot afford to lose him as her manager. Time goes by with awkward silence between the two but eventually Jackie decides to be professional with her career and continues to keep Kevin on as her manager. This lasts awhile until Kevin starts to make inappropriate sexual advances towards her. She tries to laugh it off but as he continues she threatens to make a formal complaint to legal. He does eventually stop but has stopped all efforts to promote her music thus making it very difficult for her to continue on with her success. She eventually does decide to make a complaint with legal, there is where she runs into Leslie, the girl that Kevin had got the position for in legal. She tells her, â€Å"even I believed you, you didn’t report this relationship which goes against our superior-employee ethics code†. So either she had the choice to let the matter go or to make a complaint which would in turn have her also reprimanded. She is forced with  an ultimate decision and eventually decides to do nothing. Summarized Ethical Issue at Heart The unethical issue at heart is the manager, Kevin, making inappropriate gestures towards Jackie after they had broken up. Doing so with Jackie’s vulnerable position of whether or not to report the issue which would do more harm than good. Or to leave the matter alone and just hope that Kevin would leave her alone. Neither option are better suited for Jackie who in this case is the victim, which leads to the question of appropriate ethical responsibility of the company. Details that are missing in the case A 3rd party perspective on the details of both parties. More detail as to what accusations were being made towards Kevin and Jackie. Whether Kevin had proper ethical training. List of all stakeholders who would be involved with this ethical dilemma. Employees Other artists Board of Trustees Investors Legal Department Customers Community Media Three stakeholders and the concerns they may have. Employees Don’t like how they are working for an unethically sound company. Thinking how it could happen to them if they were put in the same situation If the  problem was ever made public how would my job security look? Would this company’s name stain my resume? Investors How will my portfolio look if this artist is to become successful with another producer? Will this story become public? Will my shares plummet from this company’s bad publicity? What would happen to the company outlook if the entire company was to go thru proper corporate ethical training? Could it be a success? Board of Trustees This will look bad if the story was to made public How must will it cost to perform proper corporate training on proper ethical behavior? Do the managerial levels need to be reevaluated? Could the company be looking at a lawsuit? Five solutions. Perform corporate training at all levels reviewing proper ethical conduct Fire the manager Workout an undisclosed settlement See if another manager is available to take her on Leave and try to find successes elsewhere Top three solutions with possible consequences. 1. Perform corporate training at all levels, monitor it and have employees sign off on regulating polices that are being implemented regarding superior-employee relations as well as all other common ethical practices. Doesn’t really solve the problem at hand, may be good for the future but doesn’t help Jackie Company sets public perception that their ethical standards are in question Very timely and costly Risk of employees losing interest/possible turnover of employees 2. Fire and Replace the Manager May get sued by Kevin for wrongful termination Jackie’s verbal threats may continue Incident is likely to be made public Board of Trustees would have to look over all management positions Loss of all positive profits that Kevin may have acquired 3. Workout an undisclosed settlement Costly Sets a standard for future wrong doings May not stay quiet Fellow employees and/or artist may exercise more scrutiny as they mature on with their job Three Stakeholders and Top Three Solutions with two pros and two cons effects on the Stakeholder. Make company employees take corporate training on proper ethical behavior Will benefit the company’s overall performance Give the media something different to talk about with regards to the company Very costly Employees may decline to take it/possible employee turnover Fire and Replace the Manager Jackie would be satisfied The company would have a bad employee released Fellow artists may lose that label Manager could sue for wrongful termination Workout an undisclosed amount Jackie would be happy and the problem would be resolved Stays quiet Costly Solves no future problems Two ethical principles upheld or violated by the top three solutions. Make company employees take corporate training on proper ethical behavior Provides positive integrity to the company As long as the training provided was paid hours it shouldn’t be seen in any way of being unethical Trust and Communication Fire and Replace the Manager Fails to meet ethical standards simply because not enough information is known Unethical towards the employees as some could suddenly be put into a disadvantage Work out an undisclosed amount Completely unethical from the rest of the company’s standpoint as this option would be odd and serve no purpose towards the rest of the company Financially unethical to use funds to serve as a settlement rather than other purposes of the company Performing corporate training at all levels, monitoring it and have employees sign off on regulating polices that are being implemented regarding superior-employee relations as well as all other common ethical practices will provide positive integrity to the company. If the training hours were paid and it didn’t have an effect on daily routine then it doesn’t seem to be unethical to request training hours. Firing the manager Kevin would solve Jackie’s problem but only hers alone. To be fair which is a principle of  ethics would be to implement a code that would benefit the company as a whole. Although what Kevin is accused of doing is warranted of being fired there just isn’t enough information for the company to let him go. Her words against his wouldn’t be enough to fire him. This is why a revamp of full corporate training probably stands to be the best possible solution for this situation. Decision and Implementation Identify the best solution. Implementing corporate training throughout the entire staff of the company maybe specializing in specific areas would be most likely to be the best possible solution. There are a lot more benefits to educating employees on proper ethics. A workplace in which an ethics code has been instilled is a naturally pleasant place. Employee morale rises in an atmosphere that promotes good behavior and honest interactions. Reasons why this is the best solution. It creates a better atmosphere in the workplace, teaches an office how to work as a team, promotes personal responsibility, and has always shown to boost staff morale. A work ethics training program promotes teamwork by instilling trust in co-workers. People are more likely to be amenable to working together when they appreciate and respect one another. Why the other solutions were rejected Firing the manager Kevin as well as making an undisclosed settlement were found to be unethical towards other members of the company. It would not be a good example to set if the company were to single out an incident and act in an irregular way towards that issue. There also wasn’t enough facts to the case to make the decision to fire the manager, Kevin. Especially doing so knowing full well it would affect other stakeholders. Possible objections to the solution The company may find that employee may complain that they do not need to take part in training. A mandatory requirement may need to be implemented for all employees. A turnover rate within the employees may be seen. Investors or Board of Trustees will look at all avenues of the cheapest method of implementing training. How would you overcome these objections? Make it a requirement to attain a certain number of ethics training hours. Find other avenues of funding that can contribute to the program to make sure that employees are receiving the best training. Self-inflicted training from the managerial level is a cheaper method to instruct employees. References Ethical Dilemma. (n.d.). Forbes. Retrieved , from http://www.forbes.com/2004/06/23/cx_da_0623topnews.html Advantages of Training Employees About Work Ethics. (n.d.). Small Business. Retrieved , from http://smallbusiness.chron.com/advantages-training-employees-work-ethics-44472.html Ethics Training in the Workplace. (n.d.). Ethics Training. Retrieved , from http://www.rctm.com/ethics.htm Institute For Ethical Awareness. (n.d.). Institute For Ethical Awareness. Retrieved , from http://www.instituteforethicalawareness.org The Online Business Ethics Training Program | Ethics Training Guide. (n.d.). Ethics Training Guide. Retrieved , from http://ethicstrainingguide.org/

Forces analyses of Sainsbury

Forces analyses of Sainsbury J Sainsbury plc is a leading UK food retailer with interests in financial services. It consists of Sainsburys Supermarkets, Sainsburys Local, Bells Stores, Jacksons Stores and JB Beaumont, Sainsburys Online and Sainsburys Bank. The decision to diversify into convenience stores is discussed further within a Porters 5 forces analysis. Their objective is to serve customers well and thereby provide shareholders with good, sustainable financial returns. They aim to ensure all colleagues have opportunities to develop their abilities and are rewarded for their contribution to the success of the business. The companys policy is to work with all of our suppliers fairly, recognising the mutual benefit of satisfying customers needs; a concept which is considered in the Porters 5 forces analysis. They also aim to fulfill responsibilities to the communities and environments in which they operate (Sainsburys, 2008) a point which is discussed within a PESTEL analysis. Sainsburys serves 16 million customers each week in 455 supermarkets and 301 convenience stores across the country. The company employs 148,000 colleagues committed to delivering Great Food at Fair Prices. Yet more examples that can be included as a strengths in a SWOT analysis. Sainsburys sells  £6bn of British food every year, an obvious strength in a SWOT analysis. The company works closely with smaller-scale suppliers to expand local sourcing wherever possible, and has a network of over 3,500 local suppliers. In May 2006, Sainsburys launched Supply Something New, an innovative scheme to make it easier for small and medium-sized suppliers to gain access to Sainsburys and make locally produced food available to more customers (Annual Report 2007). This could be argued to be an important element in a PESTEL analysis. PESTEL analysis PESTEL analysis Political Factors Increasing globalization, presents a challenge as well as an opportunity to Sainsburys. The challenge will be to compete against unknown forces and to source the best quality/financially viable products from world over. Sainsburys can enter the markets of emerging companies through joint ventures or partnerships to explore these new markets, although it does not have any plans on the horizon to do so. The ongoing investigation of price fixing amongst the big four retailers within the UK can have some negative impact to the industry in general and Sainsburys in particular, as it is at the forefront of this allegation(Rigby 2008). Although Sainsburys is very well established among consumers, these allegations can lead to a negative public image as the consumers might feel cheated. In the UK, the Government is to decrease the rate of corporation tax from 30% to 28%, which will save big companies like Sainsburys significant sums of money (HM Treasury 2008). PESTEL analysis Economic factors The rapidly increasing global food crisis has increased food prices all over the world, which will result in rising purchasing costs for Sainsburys (economist.com 2008 [online]). This will have an impact on the margins of the organisation and might lead to passing over the cost to consumers by increasing prices of most things in the supermarket. Furthermore, rising fuel costs will have implications right throughout the supply chain of Sainsburys leading to an overall situation of increasing prices. The credit crunch can have a two way impact on Sainsburys as it also runs a financial services company with HBOS (Annual Report 2007). The credit crunch might decrease the purchasing power of consumers and though they will still buy the essentials they may be more cautious. They may also spend less on luxury items, something that has a greater profit margin for Sainsburys. As far the Sainsbury bank is concerned, the credit crunch directly affects its ability to provide credit especially as it is not an established name in the financial services industry. Stiff competition within every segment of the retail sector has lead to retailers giving a lot of incentives to the consumers (Annual Report 2007). This will affect Sainsburys as the prices have to be driven down most of the time. PESTEL analysis Social factors Nowadays there seems to be more emphasis on fresh, easy style cooking. This serves an opportunity for Sainsburys to encourage new recipes and unfussy eating. There has been a huge emphasis by the government to promote healthy eating (eatwell.gov.uk 2008 [online]), primarily due to the increasing level of obesity within the UK (department of health 2008 [online]). This has lead to many consumers to shift towards healthier food. This presents an opportunity to Sainsburys to stock up with more healthy food or create healthier foods at a cheaper price than other manufacturers so as to benefit from this new trend. PESTEL analysis Technological The Internet phenomenon seems to be ever growing within western countries. It is predicted that by 2011 online retail sales in Europe will have reached Eur263bn, with British shoppers accounting for more than a third of all revenue. The Internet accounts for 8% of global advertising spend and is growing rapidly (The Economist, 2007). If used cleverly, Sainsburys can leverage the internet to its advantage. Competitors like Tesco use their own online delivery model successfully. However, specialist delivery companies like Ocado (working in partnership with Waitrose) provide an alternative for the outsourcing of non-core work. One of the downsides of supermarket shopping is the queuing system customers often find themselves in at the checkout. Self checkout machines, employed by Asda and Tesco, can help solve this problem, especially for customers who have to queue up for very few items. Furthermore, self checkout machines could help in Sainsburys opening stores for 24 hours which might help boost sales. Although not yet popular, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification Device) technology can be used for significant benefits to the supply chain of Sainsburys. If adopted, this technology will lead to less inventory for the supermarket firms leading to a leaner, more profitable organisation (directions magazine 2008 [online]). PESTEL analysis Environmental factors A lot of emphasis western companies has been on the role of big companies in reducing carbon footprint and increasing energy efficiency (Bream 2008). This is just not a backburner issue anymore and every firm will have to prove they are reducing their impact on the environment, meaning Sainsburys will have to invest more on green issues. Other important ethical issues, like sale of organic food and the ethical treatment of animals, clearly effect Sainsburys on various levels. The growing importance of such issues means that they will have to cater to those consumers as well as to consumers governed by price. This is a sensitive issue as they will have to balance their public stand on environment without losing consumers due to the increase in prices. PESTEL analysis Legal factors With ever stringent laws on food and drinks, Sainsburys will have to follow more and more packaging and labeling policies to deal with these, which will be an additional financial burden on the company. Due to its interests in financial services, there is ever more legal scrutiny in the operations of Sainsbury bank which means there is more responsibility regarding legal compliance and other risk measures. Porters 5 forces analysis Porters 5 forces analysis Competitive rivalry The retail market is extremely competitive with a very crowded market. Now, more and more companies are trying to get into non food sectors (Rigby and Killgren 2008) further intensifying the competition. Sainsburys has a market share of 14.9% in 2007, steadily increasing since its restructuring programme that started in 2004 (Annual Report 2007). This is a positive trend but it lags well behind the runaway market leader Tesco, showing that there is considerable distance to cover. Tesco, Asda, and Morrisons are the other three big supermarket chains in the UK retail sector. All of them have a different competitive advantage over their competitors. Sainsburys reach in the convenience stores makes it have a larger customer reach. Banks and building societies compete with Sainsbury bank but it is not a core business for Sainsburys. Porters 5 forces analysis Barriers for entry Barriers to entry are extremely high in the food retail market due to a number of factors. Firstly, organised retail is amongst the most sophisticated sectors within the UK and needs a lot of investment, along with significant brand development, which takes years to establish (Doyle 2002). Secondly, retail is also at an advanced stage within the UK and most of the western world, which means there is little scope for new entrants to establish themselves. Local knowledge is extremely crucial within the food retail sector, something that is difficult for foreign firms to replicate. This is corroborated by the presence of few global supermarkets within UK. Porters 5 forces analysis Threats of Substitutes The threat of substitutes in the food retail industry is a low one simply because consumers view it as a necessity, especially in the developed world and increasingly in the emerging markets. The retail market is always trying to converge and assimilate new innovations with respect to food products or alternative businesses, to make shopping an extremely pleasurable experience. This makes them extremely difficult to substitute The only major threat of substitute is an internal industry threat whereby one supermarket can lap up the business of other supermarkets. Porters 5 forces analysis Buyer power Buyer power is high in this industry simply due to the presence of so many competitors selling the same products. It is only differentiated in price and consumer loyalty and increasingly on green credentials. Moreover, the switching costs are low for consumers. As the economy goes further towards recession (ODoherty 2008) consumers needs are likely to be given more weight, increasing their power considerably. Porters 5 forces analysis Supplier power Supplier power is usually more complicated as it is difficult to categorise it. It is safe to call it a mutually dependent relationship as suppliers are in itself huge companies, like PG, Unilever, Cadbury etc. with huge brand appeal. It can be argued that if supermarkets do not sell their products consumers will shift loyalties, making suppliers very powerful. However, if the products of big companies do not reach supermarkets, their sales volumes will be affected hugely. The relationship might change depending on the situation of the big branded supplier, for example, when sales of Cadburys dairy milk increased through the successful Gorilla ad campaign (Wiggins and Urry 2007). Supplier power of smaller suppliers will not be considerable because of their sales volumes on dependence on these supermarkets. SWOT analysis SWOT Strengths Sainsburys has had thirteen straight quarters of growth showing real turnaround in its business (Rigby and Braithwaite 2008). Even for 2007 it has shown an increase of 7% in turnover and a huge 450% increase in profit after tax (Annual Report 2007). It has an extremely experienced leadership team with Justin King, its Chief Executive receiving great praise for his work in Sainsburys (timesonline.co.uk 2008 [online]). Sainsburys seems to be very well placed on green and environmental issues due to its various recent initiatives, like buying fair-trade bananas (economist.com 2008 [online]). Furthermore its help in closing down gangmaster (Taylor 2008) has had a positive effect on the public in general. It has a positive consumer brand and its liked by both green activists and consumers. It is one supermarket chain that has a clear celebrity endorsing products, leading to increased sales. With Jamie Oliver, it has been simple for Sainsburys to see uplifts in sales of specific ingredients that have been featured in ad campaigns. Apparently the supermarket had to order nine tons the equivalent of two years supply of nutmeg to meet demand when it appeared in one of Olivers hundred-plus ads (Dickinson 2008). SWOT Weakness The takeover bid by the Qataris Private equity firm last year (Arnold and Politi 2008) can have some implications as people are gravitating towards British companies and the prospect of Sainsburys being governed by a foreign firm can lead to consumers switching loyalties. Unlike Tescos expansion plan (economist.com [online] 2008), Sainsburys is not present in markets other than the UK. This can lead to trouble especially if there is some problem within food retailing in the UK or if there needs to be a source of extra growth. SWOT Opportunities Sainsburys alternative business presents a great opportunity for future growth. Its investments in property (Killgren 2008b) and a goal of  £40 million profit through its bank seem like a good strategy to pursue Online sales are a great opportunity as well, since online margins are higher and investments are not huge. SWOT Threats There needs to be continuous heavy investment in environmental and green issues without immediate benefits. The problem lies in maintaining a balance e.g. Bio-fuel is an important tool to curb global emissions and its use affects Sainsburys supply chain directly, so Sainsburys should support it. However, a spurt in bio-fuels has made corn dearer (independent.co.uk [online] 2008) affecting its prices within the UK and making Sainsburys consumers bear the brunt. Sainsburys operations are subject to a broad spectrum of regulatory requirements particularly in relation to planning, competition and environmental issues, employment, pensions and tax laws and in terms of regulations over the groups products and services. Conclusion Through this piece it can be seen through the various analyses; Porters 5 Forces, PESTEL and SWOT, that Sainsburys is an iconic British food brand, well loved by its consumers. It had been suffering but since 2004 its image, and importantly profits, have improved tremendously. However, it is not insulated to many outside risks like recession and rising material costs as highlighted in the PESTEL analysis. Although it has shown steady growth it is important for Sainsburys to go the next level by challenging Tesco, a competitor identified in the Porters 5 forces analysis, either by thinking of international expansion or on price. This in conjunction with its increasing property portfolio and alternate businesses should help in continuing the strong growth path, as well as tiding over threats (SWOT) in its external environment. References Arnold, M., and Politi, J. (2007). Rockier route to buy-out success, Financial Times, London, 7 November. Bream, R. (2008). Use less power to cut emissions, Financial Times, London, 18 April. Department of Health (2008). http:// www. dh.gov.uk/en/Publichealth/Healthimprovement/Obesity/DH_078098 [Online]. [Accessed 6th May 2008]. Dickinson, H. (2008). http:// www. kpmg.co.uk/industries/cm/r/ht.cfm#ii [Online]. [Accessed 5th May 2008]. Directions magazines (2007). http:// www. directionsmag.com/article.php?article_id=629trv=1 [Online]. [Accessed 7th May 2008]. Doyle, P. (2002). Marketing Management and Strategy 3d ed., Pearson Education. Economist (2008). http:// www. economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9358986 [Online]. [Accessed 6th May 2008]. Economist (2008). http:// www. economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10491144 [Online]. [Accessed 6th May 2008]. Food Standards Agency (2008). http ://www. eatwell.gov.uk/ [Online]. [Accessed 3rd May 2008]. Hawkes, J. (2008). http:// business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/retailing/article3827752.ece [Online]. [Accessed 5th May 2008]. HM Treasury (2008). Budget 2008. Stability and opportunity: building a strong, sustainable future. 12 March 2008. www. hm-treasury.gov.uk [Online]. [Accessed 7th May 2008]. J Sainsbury plc (2007). Annual Report 2007. http:// www. j-sainsbury.co.uk/ar07/downloads/Sainsbury_Review_2007.pdf [Online]. [Accessed 7th May 2008]. Killgren, L. (2007). Sainsbury launches property venture, Financial Times, London, 14 November. ODoherty, J. (2008). Carrefour confident of meeting sales target, Financial Times, London, 10 January. Randerson, J. (2008). http:// www. guardian.co.uk/science/2008/mar/07/scienceofclimatechange.food [Online]. [Accessed 8th May 2008]. Rigby, E, and Killgren, L. (2008). Sainsbury buys back sites to fuel non-food growth, Financial Times, London, 27 March. Rigby, E. (2008). Sainsbury attacks scandal of price inquiry, Financial Times, London, 3 May. Rigby, E., and Braithwaite, T. (2008). Sainsbury offers relief for retailers, Financial Times, London, 10 January. Taylor, A. (2008). J Sainsbury helps close gangmaster, Financial Times, London, 17 April. The Economist (2007). The world in figures: industries. The world in 2008. p124 -126. Vallely, P. (2008). http:// www. independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/the-other-global-crisis-rush-to-biofuels-is-dri ving-up-price-of-food-808138.html [Online]. [Accessed 1st May 2008]. Wiggins, J., and Urry, M. (2007). Cadbury benefits from gorilla tactics, Financial Times, London, 11 December.

Work Reform Essay -- Business Management

Work reform, as interpreted by the employer, is a modern concept that has at its core increases in efficiency and effectiveness and a content and stable workforce. Work reforms are a means to an end; the end being increases in efficiency, production, and profits in a volatile global market. Depending on which method is used, the goals are to motivate their workers to gain their compliance. By paying more attention to a workers values, attitudes, and psychological needs, etc. a company can set the foundation for a more militant workforce and perhaps circumvent unionization. A company can try to create a â€Å"corporate family†, for example, via a corporate culture to try to facilitate this type of reform. The implementation of a corporate culture is an attempt to get workers to â€Å"buy in† to the firm’s overall goals (Krahn, Lowe, Hughes, 2011 p. 244-248). Key themes include workers as human beings, organizational cultures, constant adaptation, co-operatio n, creativity, flexibility, work teams, doing more with less, continuous learning, flatter organizational structures, customer-service, and participative management, etc. The goals and motivations for work reform as it pertains to a workforce differ from those of firms. Workers see changes such as enhanced on the job decision-making, increased autonomy, a decrease in monotonous and arduous tasks, and more input into large company decisions(that will ultimately affect them) as positive. Other changes that workers would embrace are pay increases and the addition of family friendly work policies such as more free time, and on-site daycare. Since a number of large manufacturing and service firms are unionized, a motivation and goal for work reform, in this respect, would be for a co... ...enough research on it. Some drawbacks are less employment security, a loss of pay due to the profit-sharing model, and there is evidence of some firms engaging in downsizing and layoffs who have adopted HPW. There is also evidence that implementation of HPW systems in lower-tier service jobs results in negligible differences in any of the above categories. Only in the upper-tier services can more of the benefits of this model be had, which unfortunately leads to potentially greater market segmentation (Krahn, Lowe, Hughes, 2011 p. 267-268). Works Cited Krahn, Lowe, Hughes (2008) Work, Industry, & Canadian Society. (5th ed.) Toronto, ON: Nelson Education Ltd. Critoph, U (2010) Sociology 321 Study Guide. (Revised edition). Athabasca, AB: Athabasca University Athabasca University (2010) Sociology 321 Reading File. Athabasca, AB: Athabasca University

Comparison Between E-Business and Traditional Business

INTRODUCTION Electronic Business (E-Business) is a perplexing practice due to the numerous aspects it involves. In today’s rapidly changing environment, organizations adopt E-Business to respond to several business drivers. The progressions of the macro-environments are creating innovative business environments, in which E-Business is considered a normal practice. This paper attempts to model the business environment and evaluate its competitive characteristics by comparing the traditional business with E-Business. Kreplin.K, et al (2000), identified â€Å"Reality† and â€Å"Virtuality† terms; these terms differentiates traditional business from E-Business. According to Kreplin. K, et al (2000), E-Business is based on a virtual (digital) business process with a virtual agent, and virtual product. Traditional Business is a physical business process with respect to the macro-environments. The macro-environment components can influence the way entrepreneurs use the internet to coordinate export businesses. Analysis of the macro-environment comprises of cultural, economic, competition, political and legal factors that affect the way business transactions are made today.CULTURAL CHALLENGES In the cultural dimension, traditional business entrepreneurs will face a major challenge. In this case, infrastructure cost is what worries traditional businesses of today. As opposed to E-businesses, online business transactions incur minimal cost (Robertson. B & Sribar. V, n. d. ). Whereas, traditional businesses will have to incur a significant amount of cost in order to remain competitive in the market. This is due to the fact that there is a paradigm shift towards a more innovative market alongside the consumers.Through the report it is assured that in the long term infrastructure cost will be the key obstacle for traditional entrepreneurs as newer technological innovations take place (Robertson. B & Sribar. V, n. d. ). Opposing to the traditional method of business, E-businesses also have their share of cultural challenges. Firstly, entrepreneurs will experience a change in the nature of workforce (Parreiras. F , n. d. ). According to Heerwagen. J, Kelly. K, Kampschroer. K (2010), the structure of work is now more cognitively complex, team-based, nd time pressured. This movement causes entrepreneurs to be more competitive. Secondly, there is resistance to change when an organization moves towards adopting E-business (Parreiras. F, n. d. ). In a research done by Ahmed. Z and et al. (2006), it was determined that the resistance to change will cripple the organization. Thus, it is important for the entrepreneurs to adapt to rigid cultures. ECONOMIC CHALLENGES In the aspect of economy, the nation’s currency plays a vital role. Thus, it also poses as an obstacle for traditional businesses.In areas of importing and exporting, entrepreneurs need a mutually agreed upon currency (e. g. U. S dollar) due to different payment methods. Furthermore, being sensitive towards exchange rates of currencies is vital as it will affect the buying decisions (Kavas. F, 2011). As compared to E-business transactions, the fluctuation in currency is harder to depict; thus, becoming a challenge for traditional businesses. On the other hand, E-businesses also experiences economic challenges. Firstly, the free entry into the digital market will be a problem for entrepreneurs.As there are minimal barriers to entry, it would mean that E-businesses are operating in a highly competitive market whereby competitive advantage is almost impossible as highlighted by M. Hassan & E. Harris (2007). With this tight competition among entrepreneurs the issue of imitation of products will arise. As described in the related research paper, it was revealed that a massive amount of imitation took place as it was a cost effective method to most entrepreneurs. Therefore, it becomes an obstacle for E-business entrepreneurs. COMPETITIONWhen it comes to t raditional businesses, entrepreneurs will definitely face competition. One major factor that entrepreneurs have to consider while exporting their products is the difference in time zones. An article written by Henricks. M (2006) explains that the time zone differences will cause a lot of difficulty in terms of decision making, planning shipment, organizing logistics and more. As opposed to E-business, E-business have online softwares that enables smooth communication through digital platforms regardless of time zone differences.For E-business entrepreneurs, the first challenge here is the difficulty to obtain capital large enough for any ventures. This includes the research and development needed for the product. In the report â€Å"Managing Worldwide operations & Communications with Information Technology† (2007), it was highlighted that many venture capitalist will incur higher risk with large sums of capital. This is because there is high uncertainty of success for entrepr eneurs to compete in an open market environment. In addition, another factor arises which is also known to be labour market exuberance.This is described as an irrational competition that arose with the increasing need of technical skills (e. g. software programming). Therefore, firms will likely experience a short supply of skilled workers (Wright. P & Lee. D , 2000). POLITICAL & LEGAL CHALLENGES In the area of political and legal, there is a major concern of the country’s policy for traditional businesses. Entrepreneurs need to abide by both the local and the other country’s laws and regulations while selecting to export goods over. This is due to several laws are made according to the country’s culture and beliefs (Kavas.F, 2011). For instance, products that contain pork are restricted in Islamic countries due to their religious beliefs. Apart from that, there is an essential concern of the security and privacy of E-businesses (Parreiras. F, n. d. ). A researc h on â€Å"Security and Trust in E-Business† by Valmurugan,M. S (2009) discussed the unawareness of E-business transactions and the degree of confidentiality of E-business transactions. Without the trust of consumers, entrepreneurs in the E-business line will be facing serious competition to obtain their share of the market.Another major concern is the government regulations. The government needs to play a role to protect the consumers against unfair and deceptive trading especially when it comes to Internet banking (Kay. A, Hafeez. K & Siddiqi. J, n. d. ). Therefore, this would become a small obstacle for E-business entrepreneurs as they need to adhere closely to government policies. CONCLUSION This research paper covered numeral aspects of traditional businesses and E-businesses with respect to the macro-environmental challenges faced by the entrepreneurs.Because we live in a rapid changing environment, businesses will continuously face multiple challenges. The traditional way of business may have been successful in the past, but now is the time for change. E-business enables organizations to reach global markets; thus, crossing borders with less restraint from trade barriers. Evidently illustrated by Fleenor. C & Raven. P (n. d. ), the adoption rate of internet is growing tremendously and that governments of international countries recognises such growth; hence, promoting it as well within their country (e. . E-government). Although there may be areas that E-business is a challenging area to pursue; however, without such obstacles businesses will never revolutionalize. Therefore, it goes to show how businesses have evolved over the decades. Business entrepreneurs need to be more innovative as traditional business will soon be uncompetitive. 1,111 words Reference List Ahmed, Z. et al. (2006)  RESISTANCE TO CHANGE AND ERP IMPLEMENTATION SUCCESS: THE MODERATING ROLE OF CHANGE MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES. [online] Available at: http://web. usm. my/aamj/11. . 2006/AAMJ%2011-2-1. pdf [Accessed: 26/9/2012]. Fleenor,, C. and Raven, P. (n. d. )  Barriers To Effective E-Business In Developing Countries. [online] Available at: http://www. google. com. my/url? sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=2&cad=rja&ved=0CC0QFjAB&url=http%3A%2F%2Fcluteonline. com%2Fjournals%2Findex. php%2FIBER%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F3912%2F3957&ei=dTRlULXHAcnlrAeTuICgDg&usg=AFQjCNFo3MqMmHHbqbtHGpyGH9MPiLUQhA&sig2=NnGIv4mCofIkSx211W9PVw [Accessed: 28/9/2012]. Hassan, M. and Harris, E. 2009)  Entrepreneurship and innovation in e-commerce  . [online] Available at: http://www. journalamme. org/papers_vol32_1/32114. pdf [Accessed: 25/9/2012]. Heerwagen, J. et al. (2010)  The Changing Nature of Organizations, Work, and Workplace. [online] Available at: http://www. wbdg. org/resources/chngorgwork. php [Accessed: 26/9/2012]. HENRICKS,M . (2006)  How Time Zones Affect Global Businesses. [online] Available at: http://www. entrepreneur. com/article/160228 [Accessed: 28/9/ 2012]. Kay, A. et al. (n. d. )  AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF THE KEY DRIVERS AND